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Siden har REMA jobbet for å kunne tilby kunder over hele landet et…. Vi leter etter sosiale jenter og gutter som elsker å skape en magisk hverdag for kollegaer og gjester. Du må ha stå på vilje, ta ansvar og behandle restauranten…. Biltema 3,1. Annonsen er utgått på dato. Biltema feiret 50 år som nordisk varehuskjede i Kjeden har etter hvert utvidet sortimentet til å omfatte langt mer enn hva…. FDVhuset AS utvikler og selger komplette løsninger som skal hjelpe eiendomsforvaltere og entreprenører….

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Non-Stop Dogwear Sporsele universal. Select Speed Indoor, futsalball. Nike Club Hoodie, hettegenser herre. Flere supermarkeder fjernet mandag laks fra hyllene etter at det ble funnet koronavirus på et skjærebrett for importert laks, ifølge avisen Global Times. Stord-selskapet Leirvik AS har vunnet en kontrakt med RosenbergWorley i Stavanger for levetidsforlenging av boligkvarteret på oljeproduksjonsskipet Jotun A. Leirvik har jobbet med en intensjonsbestilling for prosjektet siden , og har allerede en bemanning på 50 ingeniører og ledere i prosjektet.

Et nytt helikopterdekk samt trolig en tilhørende kontrollbro kan nå bli bygget på Leirviks verft på Stord, skriver selskapet i en pressemelding. Ferdig boligkvarter og med helikopterdekk skal leveres til RosenbergWorley i Norwegian gjenåpner 76 ruter for reiser fra 1. Gjenåpningen er et resultat av økt etterspørsel fra kundene, samtidig som flere andre flyselskap allerede har gjenopptatt flygninger i Europa, heter det i en pressemelding fra selskapet.

Mer enn piloter og kabinansatte fra norske baser vil bemanne 20 fly, noe som innebærer at om lag piloter og kabinansatte kommer tilbake fra permittering, opplyser Norwegian. Reklameomsetningen via mediebyråene i Norge ble redusert med 20,6 prosent i årets fem første måneder sammenlignet med samme periode i fjor. Koronasituasjonen har ikke sluppet taket, og reklamemarkedet preges fortsatt av pandemien.

Etter årets fire første måneder viste reklameomsetningen en nedgang på 17,8 prosent. Etter fem måneder var nedgangen på 20,6 prosent, opplyser Mediebyråforeningen. Det ble omsatt reklame via mediebyråene for 3,29 milliarder kroner i årets fire første måneder, mot 4,15 milliarder samme periode i fjor.

Alle kanaler går tilbake med unntak av «andre medier» som primært skyldes annonsering i utenlandske medier, viser tall fra Mediebyråforeningens mediebarometer. Nav har utbetalt 13,4 milliarder siden starten av koronakrisen. I alt har Nav utbetalt 13,4 milliarder kroner. De siste åtte ukene har Nav saksbehandlet flere dagpengesøknader enn i hele Utbetalingene av 13,4 milliarder kroner til arbeidssøkere består av 3,8 milliarder kroner i forskudd på dagpenger, 6,8 milliarder kroner i dagpenger og 2,9 milliarder kroner i lønnskompensasjon til permitterte, skriver Nav i en pressemelding.

Nav har mottatt Forrige uke alene ble det fattet Oljeselskapet BP senker forventningene til oljeprisen og varsler nedskrivninger på opptil milliarder kroner i andre kvartal. Toppsjef Bernard Looney mener stadig mer tyder på at koronapandemien vil få en varig økonomisk effekt. BP tror nå at prisen på nordsjøolje i gjennomsnitt vil ligge på 55 dollar fatet mellom og Også anslagene for gassprisene senkes. Nedskrivningene i andre kvartal kan bli på mellom 13 og 17,5 milliarder dollar, opplyste BP mandag.

Det tilsvarer mellom og milliarder kroner. Den britiske oljegiganten tror koronakrisen vil øke tempoet i overgangen mot mer klimavennlige energiformer. Siden utsiktene for petroleum er blitt mer utfordrende, vil selskapet gjøre en ny vurdering av noen av planene for nye utbygginger. Norske Equinor tror oljeprisen vil holde seg mye høyere enn det BP legger til grunn.

Ifølge Dagens Næringsliv venter Equinor en oljepris på 80 dollar fatet i Flere supermarkeder i den kinesiske hovedstaden Beijing har fjernet laks fra hyllene etter at det er funnet koronavirus på et skjærebrett for importert laks. Ifølge Global Times har flere supermarkedkjeder stanset salg av importert laks, og norsk laks er med det ikke å finne i butikkhyllene i flere store supermarkedkjeder NRK har vært innom.

Viruset ble oppdaget på et skjærebrett for importert laks på byens største ferskvaremarked. Markedet er følgelig også stengt inntil videre. Ifølge kinesiske myndigheter har koronaviruset kommet fra Europa, men det er uvisst hvordan. Både mennesker som har vært på markedet, samt mat og utstyr holder nå på å bli virustestet.

I ble det eksportert om lag Ingen tvil: Derfor er dette den beste elbilen på markedet. Oslotur i sommer? Skjult perle tar deg med til tallet. Bolton om drama på toppmøte: Trump ville true med å gå ut av Nato. Bestevennen er overbevist: Han kidnappet og solgte Maddie McCann. Siv Jensen tviler sterkt på nytt Venstre-samarbeid. Stones-legendens sønn: — Ingen ville la barna komme hjem til meg.

Rapport: Klimaendringene kan bli vintersportens død. Rekordhøyt antall nye smittede i verden. Jordmorforbundet advarer: — Det spares over en lav sko. There s Föremål på naturliga historia fans, tooa naturum,. Les modes de jeu,te niveaux de difficulté au nombre de quatre hélas relativement peu progressifs et te différents réglages sont à peu de choses près identiques à ce qu'offrait la version Il est you can possibly imagine de joueur seul ou bien à plusieurs, sur la même machine jusqu'à sept participants ou bien durante réseau local sixth is v Internet jusqu'à deux joueurs.

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XXL Barkarby. XXL Bergen, Laguneparken. XXL Bergen, Åsane. XXL Bodø. XXL Bromma, Stockholm. XXL Buskerud Storsenter. XXL Drammen. XXL Fredrikstad. XXL Göteborg. XXL Hamar. XXL Harstad. XXL Haugesund. XXL Ingelsta, Norrköping.

XXL Itäkeskus. XXL Jönköping. XXL Kaleva. XXL Kluuvi. XXL Kristiansand. XXL Lielahti. XXL Linköping. XXL Lyngdal. XXL Mo i Rana. XXL Moss. XXL Oslo, Alnabru. XXL Oslo, Majorstua. XXL Oslo, Sentrum. XXL Porsgrunn. XXL Sandefjord. XXL Sandvika. XXL Sarpsborg. XXL Sartor.

XXL Sisjön, Göteborg. XXL Ski. XXL Skien. XXL Stavanger. XXL Steinkjer. XXL Stockholm City. XXL Storheden. XXL Strømmen. XXL Sundsvall. XXL Suomenoja. XXL Tammisto. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain , [17] [18] [19] mainland Scotland has a 96 mile km border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, the North Sea to the northeast and the Irish Sea to the south.

In addition, Scotland includes more than islands; [20] principally within the Northern Isles and the Hebrides archipelagos. The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until By inheritance in , James VI of Scotland became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms.

Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland.

The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. In , a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is divided into 32 administrative subdivisions or local authorities, known as council areas. Limited self-governing power, covering matters such as education, social services and roads and transportation, is devolved from the Scottish Government to each subdivision.

Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period.

It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12, years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period.

Neolithic habitation, burial, and ritual sites are particularly common and well preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles , where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone.

The first written reference to Scotland was in BC by Greek sailor Pytheas , who called the northern tip of Britain "Orcas", the source of the name of the Orkney islands. Beginning in the sixth century, the area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas: Pictland , a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland; [35] : 25—26 the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria , which had conquered southeastern Scotland; [35] : 18—20 and Dál Riata , founded by settlers from Ireland, bringing Gaelic language and culture with them.

The Picts kept slaves mostly captured in war through the ninth century. Gaelic influence over Pictland and Northumbria was facilitated by the large number of Gaelic-speaking clerics working as missionaries. Although the raiders sought slaves and luxury items, their main motivation was to acquire land. The oldest Norse settlements were in northwest Scotland, but they eventually conquered many areas along the coast.

Old Norse entirely displaced Gaelic in the Northern Isles. In the ninth century, the Norse threat allowed a Gael named Cináed mac Ailpín Kenneth I to seize power over Pictland, establishing a royal dynasty to which the modern monarchs trace their lineage, and marking the beginning of the end of Pictish culture.

By the end of the tenth century, the Pictish language went extinct as its speakers shifted to Gaelic. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with much of Scotland under the control of a single ruler and united by the Gaelic language, a modern nation-state first emerged, as did Scottish national consciousness.

Edward I of England arbitrated between various claimants for the Scottish crown. In return for surrendering Scotland's nominal independence, John Balliol was pronounced king in Scotland and France sealed a treaty on 23 October , known as the Auld Alliance.

War ensued, and John was deposed by Edward who took personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in the Wars of Scottish Independence , [44] until Robert the Bruce was crowned king of Scotland in In the world's first documented declaration of independence, the Declaration of Arbroath , won the support of Pope John XXII , leading to the legal recognition of Scottish sovereignty by the English Crown.

A civil war between the Bruce dynasty and their long-term Comyn-Balliol rivals lasted until the middle of the 14th century. The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the Reformation , [47] : 93 despite the effects of the Black Death in [46] : 76 and increasing division between Highlands and Lowlands. James married Henry's daughter, Margaret Tudor.

The Statutes of Iona compelled the cultural integration of Hebridean clan leaders. The Battle of Altimarlach in was the last significant clan battle fought between highland clans. In , the Company of Scotland attempted a project to secure a trading colony on the Isthmus of Panama.

Almost every Scottish landowner who had money to spare is said to have invested in the Darien scheme. Its failure bankrupted these landowners, but not the burghs. Nevertheless, the nobles' bankruptcy, along with the threat of an English invasion, played a leading role in convincing the Scots elite to back a union with England. The following year, twin Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May [22] with popular opposition and anti-union riots in Edinburgh , Glasgow , and elsewhere.

With trade tariffs with England abolished, trade blossomed, especially with Colonial America. The clippers belonging to the Glasgow Tobacco Lords were the fastest ships on the route to Virginia.

Until the American War of Independence in , Glasgow was the world's premier tobacco port, dominating world trade. The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non- Presbyterians , including Roman Catholics and Episcopalian Protestants. However, two major Jacobite risings launched in and failed to remove the House of Hanover from the British throne. The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden , Great Britain's last pitched battle.

The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution turned Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse [61] — so much so Voltaire said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilisation. Historian Neil Davidson notes "after there was an entirely new level of participation by Scots in political life, particularly outside Scotland.

In the Highlands, clan chiefs gradually started to think of themselves more as commercial landlords than leaders of their people. These social and economic changes included the first phase of the Highland Clearances and, ultimately, the demise of clanship. The Scottish Reform Act increased the number of Scottish MPs and widened the franchise to include more of the middle classes. Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world and known as "the Second City of the Empire" after London.

It became the world's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre. While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century, [73] disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more, thanks to such figures as the physicists James Clerk Maxwell and Lord Kelvin , and the engineers and inventors James Watt and William Murdoch , whose work was critical to the technological developments of the Industrial Revolution throughout Britain.

His first prose work, Waverley in , is often called the first historical novel. Barrie and George MacDonald. The Glasgow School , which developed in the late 19th century, and flourished in the early 20th century, produced a distinctive blend of influences including the Celtic Revival the Arts and Crafts movement , and Japonism , which found favour throughout the modern art world of continental Europe and helped define the Art Nouveau style.

Proponents included architect and artist Charles Rennie Mackintosh. This period saw a process of rehabilitation for Highland culture. In the s, as part of the Romantic revival , tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe, [79] [80] prompted by the popularity of Macpherson's Ossian cycle [81] [82] and then Walter Scott's Waverley novels. These problems, and the desire to improve agriculture and profits were the driving forces of the ongoing Highland Clearances , in which many of the population of the Highlands suffered eviction as lands were enclosed, principally so that they could be used for sheep farming.

The first phase of the clearances followed patterns of agricultural change throughout Britain. The second phase was driven by overpopulation, the Highland Potato Famine and the collapse of industries that had relied on the wartime economy of the Napoleonic Wars. As a result, during the period —, about 2 million Scots migrated to North America and Australia, and another , Scots relocated to England.

After prolonged years of struggle in the Kirk, in the Evangelicals gained control of the General Assembly and passed the Veto Act, which allowed congregations to reject unwanted "intrusive" presentations to livings by patrons. The following "Ten Years' Conflict" of legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non-intrusionists in the civil courts. The result was a schism from the church by some of the non-intrusionists led by Dr Thomas Chalmers , known as the Great Disruption of Roughly a third of the clergy, mainly from the North and Highlands, formed the separate Free Church of Scotland.

In , despite opposition, a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy was restored to the country, and Catholicism became a significant denomination within Scotland. Industrialisation, urbanisation and the Disruption of all undermined the tradition of parish schools.

From the state began to fund buildings with grants; then from it was funding schools by direct sponsorship; and in Scotland moved to a system like that in England of state-sponsored largely free schools, run by local school boards. From Scottish universities could admit and graduate women and the numbers of women at Scottish universities steadily increased until the early 20th century.

Caused by the advent of refrigeration and imports of lamb, mutton and wool from overseas, the s brought with them a collapse of sheep prices and an abrupt halt in the previous sheep farming boom. Scotland played a major role in the British effort in the First World War. It especially provided manpower, ships, machinery, fish and money.

The war saw the emergence of a radical movement called " Red Clydeside " led by militant trades unionists. Formerly a Liberal stronghold, the industrial districts switched to Labour by , with a base among the Irish Catholic working-class districts. Women were especially active in building neighbourhood solidarity on housing issues. However, the "Reds" operated within the Labour Party and had little influence in Parliament and the mood changed to passive despair by the late s.

The shipbuilding industry expanded by a third and expected renewed prosperity, but instead, a serious depression hit the economy by and it did not fully recover until The interwar years were marked by economic stagnation in rural and urban areas, and high unemployment. Thoughtful Scots pondered their declension, as the main social indicators such as poor health, bad housing, and long-term mass unemployment, pointed to terminal social and economic stagnation at best, or even a downward spiral.

Service abroad on behalf of the Empire lost its allure to ambitious young people, who left Scotland permanently. The heavy dependence on obsolescent heavy industry and mining was a central problem, and no one offered workable solutions.

The despair reflected what Finlay describes as a widespread sense of hopelessness that prepared local business and political leaders to accept a new orthodoxy of centralised government economic planning when it arrived during the Second World War. During the Second World War, Scotland was targeted by Nazi Germany largely due to its factories, shipyards, and coal mines. Perhaps Scotland's most unusual wartime episode occurred in when Rudolf Hess flew to Renfrewshire, possibly intending to broker a peace deal through the Duke of Hamilton.

Pintsch delivered the letter to Hitler at the Berghof around noon on 11 May. Scottish industry came out of the depression slump by a dramatic expansion of its industrial activity, absorbing unemployed men and many women as well. The shipyards were the centre of more activity, but many smaller industries produced the machinery needed by the British bombers, tanks and warships. Increased income, and the more equal distribution of food, obtained through a tight rationing system, dramatically improved the health and nutrition.

After , Scotland's economic situation worsened due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes. Economic factors contributing to this recovery included a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturing , see Silicon Glen , [] and the North Sea oil and gas industry.

The Scottish Parliament Building at Holyrood itself did not open until October , after lengthy construction delays and running over budget. The pro- independence Scottish National Party led by Alex Salmond achieved this in the election , winning 69 of the seats available. The mainland of Scotland comprises the northern third of the land mass of the island of Great Britain, which lies off the north-west coast of Continental Europe.

The total area is 78, km 2 30, sq mi , [] comparable to the size of the Czech Republic. Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for 96 kilometres 60 mi between the basin of the River Tweed on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west. The Atlantic Ocean borders the west coast and the North Sea is to the east. The island of Ireland lies only 21 kilometres 13 mi from the south-western peninsula of Kintyre ; [] Norway is kilometres  mi to the east and the Faroe Islands , kilometres  mi to the north.

The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the Treaty of York between Scotland and the Kingdom of England [] and the Treaty of Perth between Scotland and Norway. The geographical centre of Scotland lies a few miles from the village of Newtonmore in Badenoch. The whole of Scotland was covered by ice sheets during the Pleistocene ice ages and the landscape is much affected by glaciation.

From a geological perspective, the country has three main sub-divisions. This part of Scotland largely comprises ancient rocks from the Cambrian and Precambrian , which were uplifted during the later Caledonian orogeny. It is interspersed with igneous intrusions of a more recent age, remnants of which formed mountain massifs such as the Cairngorms and Skye Cuillins. A significant exception to the above are the fossil-bearing beds of Old Red Sandstones found principally along the Moray Firth coast.

The Highlands are generally mountainous and the highest elevations in the British Isles are found here. Scotland has over islands divided into four main groups: Shetland, Orkney, and the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides. There are numerous bodies of freshwater including Loch Lomond and Loch Ness. Some parts of the coastline consist of machair , a low-lying dune pasture land.

The Central Lowlands is a rift valley mainly comprising Paleozoic formations. Many of these sediments have economic significance for it is here that the coal and iron bearing rocks that fuelled Scotland's industrial revolution are found.

This area has also experienced intense volcanism, Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh being the remnant of a once much larger volcano. This area is relatively low-lying, although even here hills such as the Ochils and Campsie Fells are rarely far from view. The Southern Uplands are a range of hills almost kilometres  mi long, interspersed with broad valleys.

They lie south of a second fault line the Southern Uplands fault that runs from Girvan to Dunbar. The high point of the Southern Uplands is Merrick with an elevation of  m 2, ft.

The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic , and tends to be very changeable. The highest temperature recorded was The west of Scotland is usually warmer than the east, owing to the influence of Atlantic ocean currents and the colder surface temperatures of the North Sea. Tiree , in the Inner Hebrides, is one of the sunniest places in the country: it had more than hours of sunshine in May The western highlands of Scotland are the wettest, with annual rainfall in a few places exceeding 3, mm  in.

Braemar has an average of 59 snow days per year, [] while many coastal areas average fewer than 10 days of lying snow per year. Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north-west of Europe, although several of the larger mammals such as the lynx, brown bear, wolf, elk and walrus were hunted to extinction in historic times. There are important populations of seals and internationally significant nesting grounds for a variety of seabirds such as gannets.

On the high mountain tops, species including ptarmigan , mountain hare and stoat can be seen in their white colour phase during winter months. Today, much of the remaining native Caledonian Forest lies within the Cairngorms National Park and remnants of the forest remain at 84 locations across Scotland.

On the west coast, remnants of ancient Celtic Rainforest still remain, particularly on the Taynish peninsula in Argyll , these forests are particularly rare due to high rates of deforestation throughout Scottish history. The flora of the country is varied incorporating both deciduous and coniferous woodland as well as moorland and tundra species.

However, large scale commercial tree planting and the management of upland moorland habitat for the grazing of sheep and field sport activities like deer stalking and driven grouse shooting impacts upon the distribution of indigenous plants and animals.

The population of Scotland at the Census was 5,, This rose to 5,,, the highest ever, at the Census. Although Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, the largest city is Glasgow, which has just over , inhabitants.

The Greater Glasgow conurbation, with a population of almost 1. Scotland's only major city outside the Central Belt is Aberdeen. In general, only the more accessible and larger islands remain inhabited. Currently, fewer than 90 remain inhabited. The Southern Uplands are essentially rural in nature and dominated by agriculture and forestry.

Scotland has three officially recognised languages: English, Scots , and Scottish Gaelic. There are many more people with Scottish ancestry living abroad than the total population of Scotland. In the Census, 9. In August , the Scottish population reached an all-time high of 5.

The total fertility rate TFR in Scotland is below the replacement rate of 2. The majority of births are to unmarried women Life expectancy for those born in Scotland between and is Since it has had a Presbyterian system of church government and enjoys independence from the state. Other Christian denominations in Scotland include the Free Church of Scotland , and various other Presbyterian offshoots.

Scotland's third largest church is the Scottish Episcopal Church. Islam is the largest non-Christian religion estimated at around 75,, which is about 1. The monarchy of the United Kingdom continues to use a variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to pre-union Scotland, including: the Royal Standard of Scotland , the Royal coat of arms used in Scotland together with its associated Royal Standard , royal titles including that of Duke of Rothesay , certain Great Officers of State , the chivalric Order of the Thistle and, since , reinstating a ceremonial role for the Crown of Scotland after a year hiatus.

A legal action was brought in Scotland to contest the right of the Queen to entitle herself "Elizabeth II" within Scotland, but the Crown won the case. Scotland has limited self-government within the United Kingdom, as well as representation in the UK Parliament. Executive and legislative powers respectively have been devolved to the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh since The UK Parliament retains control over reserved matters specified in the Scotland Act , including UK taxes, social security, defence, international relations and broadcasting.

It initially had only a limited power to vary income tax , [] but powers over taxation and social security were significantly expanded by the Scotland Acts of and The Scottish Parliament can give legislative consent over devolved matters back to the UK Parliament by passing a Legislative Consent Motion if United Kingdom-wide legislation is considered more appropriate for a certain issue.

The programmes of legislation enacted by the Scottish Parliament have seen a divergence in the provision of public services compared to the rest of the UK. For instance, university education and care services for the elderly are free at point of use in Scotland, while fees are paid in the rest of the UK.

Scotland was the first country in the UK to ban smoking in enclosed public places. The Scottish Parliament is a unicameral legislature with members MSPs : 73 of them represent individual constituencies and are elected on a first-past-the-post system; the other 56 are elected in eight different electoral regions by the additional member system. MSPs serve for a four-year period exceptionally five years from — The Parliament nominates one of its Members, who is then appointed by the monarch to serve as first minister.

Together they make up the Scottish Government, the executive arm of the devolved government. The first minister is also the political leader of Scotland. The Scottish Government also comprises the deputy first minister , currently John Swinney MSP, who deputises for the first minister during a period of absence of overseas visits.

Alongside the deputy first minister's requirements as Deputy, the minister also has a cabinet ministerial responsibility. Swinney is also currently Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills.

There are also twelve other ministers, who work alongside the cabinet secretaries in their appointed areas. Scotland is represented in the British House of Commons by 59 MPs elected from territory-based Scottish constituencies. In the general election , the SNP won 48 of the 59 seats. The relationships between the central UK Government and devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are based on the extra-statutory principles and agreements with the main elements are set out in a Memorandum of Understanding between the UK government and the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The MOU lays emphasis on the principles of good communication, consultation and co-operation. Since devolution in , Scotland has devolved stronger working relations across the two other devolved governments, the Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive. Whilst there are no formal concordats between the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive, ministers from each devolved government meet at various points throughout the year at various events such as the British-Irish Council and also meet to discuss matters and issues that are devolved to each government.

The Scottish Government considers the successful re-establishment of the Plenary, and establishment of the Domestic fora to be important facets of the relationship with the UK Government and the other devolved administrations. In the aftermath of the United Kingdom's decision to withdraw from the European Union in , the Scottish Government has called for there to be a joint approach from each of the devolved governments.

In early , the devolved governments met to discuss Brexit and agree on Brexit strategies from each devolved government [] which lead for Theresa May to issue a statement that claims that the devolved governments will not have a central role or decision making process in the Brexit process, but that the UK Government plans to "fully engage" Scotland in talks alongside the governments of Wales and Northern Ireland.

Whilst foreign policy remains a reserved matter, [] the Scottish Government still has the power and ability to strengthen and develop Scotland, the economy and Scottish interests on the world stage and encourage foreign businesses, international devolved, regional and central governments to invest in Scotland.

At the same time, McConnell and the then Scottish Executive pioneered the way forward to launch what would become the Scotland Malawi Partnership which co-ordinates Scottish activities to strengthen existing links with Malawi. McConnell, speaking at the end, highlighted that the visit by Putin was a "post-devolution" step towards "Scotland regaining its international identity". Under the Salmond administration, Scotland's trade and investment deals with countries such as China [] [] and Canada, where Salmond established the Canada Plan — which aimed to strengthen "the important historical, cultural and economic links" between both Canada and Scotland.

During a visit to the United States, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon met with Jerry Brown , Governor of California , where both signed an agreement committing both the Government of California and the Scottish Government to work together to tackle climate change, [] as well as Sturgeon signing a £6.

A policy of devolution had been advocated by the three main UK parties with varying enthusiasm during recent history. A previous Labour leader. John Smith , described the revival of a Scottish parliament as the "settled will of the Scottish people". The new government established a " National Conversation " on constitutional issues, proposing a number of options such as increasing the powers of the Scottish Parliament, federalism , or a referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom.

In rejecting the last option, the three main opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament created a commission to investigate the distribution of powers between devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies.

Opposition from all other major parties led to an expected defeat. Following a referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union on 23 June , where a UK-wide majority voted to withdraw from the EU whilst a majority within Scotland voted to remain, Scotland's first minister, Nicola Sturgeon , announced that as a result a new independence referendum was "highly likely".

Historical subdivisions of Scotland included the mormaerdom , stewartry , earldom , burgh , parish , county and regions and districts. Some of these names are still sometimes used as geographical descriptors.

Modern Scotland is subdivided in various ways depending on the purpose. In local government, there have been 32 single-tier council areas since , [] whose councils are responsible for the provision of all local government services. Decisions are made by councillors who are elected at local elections every five years.

The head of each council is usually the Lord Provost alongside the Leader of the Council, [] with a Chief Executive being appointed as director of the council area. In the Scottish Parliament, there are 73 constituencies and eight regions. For the Parliament of the United Kingdom, there are 59 constituencies.

Until , the Scottish fire brigades and police forces were based on a system of regions introduced in For healthcare and postal districts, and a number of other governmental and non-governmental organisations such as the churches, there are other long-standing methods of subdividing Scotland for the purposes of administration.

City status in the United Kingdom is conferred by letters patent. Scots law has a basis derived from Roman law , [] combining features of both uncodified civil law , dating back to the Corpus Juris Civilis , and common law with medieval sources. The terms of the Treaty of Union with England in guaranteed the continued existence of a separate legal system in Scotland from that of England and Wales.

Various other systems derived from common Celtic or Brehon laws survived in the Highlands until the s. Scots law provides for three types of courts responsible for the administration of justice: civil, criminal and heraldic. The supreme civil court is the Court of Session , although civil appeals can be taken to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom or before 1 October , the House of Lords.

The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court in Scotland. The sheriff court is the main criminal and civil court, hearing most cases. There are 49 sheriff courts throughout the country.

These were gradually replaced by Justice of the Peace Courts from to The Court of the Lord Lyon regulates heraldry. For three centuries the Scots legal system was unique for being the only national legal system without a parliament. This ended with the advent of the Scottish Parliament in , which legislates for Scotland. Many features within the system have been preserved. Within criminal law, the Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts: "guilty", "not guilty" and " not proven ".

There is, however, the possibility of a retrial where new evidence emerges at a later date that might have proven conclusive in the earlier trial at first instance, where the person acquitted subsequently admits the offence or where it can be proved that the acquittal was tainted by an attempt to pervert the course of justice — see the provisions of the Double Jeopardy Scotland Act Many laws differ between Scotland and the other parts of the United Kingdom, and many terms differ for certain legal concepts.

Manslaughter , in England and Wales, is broadly similar to culpable homicide in Scotland, and arson is called wilful fire raising. Indeed, some acts considered crimes in England and Wales, such as forgery, are not so in Scotland.

Procedure also differs. Scots juries, sitting in criminal cases, consist of fifteen jurors, which is three more than is typical in many countries. However, even prior to , half of Scotland's landmass was already covered by state-funded health care, provided by the Highlands and Islands Medical Service.

In , the NHS in Scotland had around , staff including more than 47, nurses, midwives and health visitors and over 3, consultants. There are also more than 12, doctors, family practitioners and allied health professionals, including dentists, opticians and community pharmacists, who operate as independent contractors providing a range of services within the NHS in return for fees and allowances.

These fees and allowances were removed in May , and prescriptions are entirely free, although dentists and opticians may charge if the patient's household earns over a certain amount, about £30, per annum.

Scotland has a Western-style open mixed economy closely linked with the rest of the UK and the wider world. Traditionally, the Scottish economy was dominated by heavy industry underpinned by shipbuilding in Glasgow, coal mining and steel industries. Petroleum related industries associated with the extraction of North Sea oil have also been important employers from the s, especially in the north-east of Scotland.

De-industrialisation during the s and s saw a shift from a manufacturing focus towards a more service -oriented economy.

Scotland's gross domestic product GDP , including oil and gas produced in Scottish waters, was estimated at £ billion for the calendar year Edinburgh was ranked 15th in the list of world financial centres in , but fell to 37th in , following damage to its reputation, [] and in was ranked 56th out of In , total Scottish exports excluding intra-UK trade were estimated to be £ Whisky is one of Scotland's more known goods of economic activity.

The value of the Scottish banknotes in circulation in was £3. Of the money spent on UK defence, about £3. Although Scotland has a long military tradition predating the Treaty of Union with England, its armed forces now form part of the British Armed Forces , with the exception of the Atholl Highlanders , Europe's only legal private army.

In , the infantry regiments of the Scottish Division were amalgamated to form the Royal Regiment of Scotland. Because of their topography and perceived remoteness, parts of Scotland have housed many sensitive defence establishments. Scapa Flow was the major Fleet base for the Royal Navy until A single front-line Royal Air Force base is located in Scotland. RAF Lossiemouth , located in Moray , is the most northerly air defence fighter base in the United Kingdom and is home to three fast-jet squadrons equipped with the Eurofighter Typhoon.

The Scottish education system has always been distinct from the rest of the United Kingdom, with a characteristic emphasis on a broad education. The Curriculum for Excellence , Scotland's national school curriculum, presently provides the curricular framework for children and young people from age 3 to Formal primary education begins at approximately 5 years old and lasts for 7 years P1—P7 ; children in Scotland study Standard Grades , or Intermediate qualifications between the ages of 14 and These are being phased out and replaced by the National Qualifications of the Curriculum for Excellence.

The school leaving age is 16, after which students may choose to remain at school and study for Access , Intermediate or Higher Grade and Advanced Higher qualifications. There are fifteen Scottish universities , some of which are amongst the oldest in the world. Young Students are defined as those under 25, without children, marriage, civil partnership or cohabiting partner, who have not been outside of full-time education for more than three years.

Fees exist for those outside the young student definition, typically from £1, to £1, for undergraduate courses, dependent on year of application and type of qualification. Postgraduate fees can be up to £3, Scotland's universities are complemented in the provision of Further and Higher Education by 43 colleges. These Group Awards, alongside Scottish Vocational Qualifications, aim to ensure Scotland's population has the appropriate skills and knowledge to meet workplace needs.

Scottish music is a significant aspect of the nation's culture, with both traditional and modern influences. A famous traditional Scottish instrument is the Great Highland bagpipe , a wind instrument consisting of three drones and a melody pipe called the chanter , which are fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag. Bagpipe bands , featuring bagpipes and various types of drums, and showcasing Scottish music styles while creating new ones, have spread throughout the world.

The clàrsach harp , fiddle and accordion are also traditional Scottish instruments, the latter two heavily featured in Scottish country dance bands. Scotland has a literary heritage dating back to the early Middle Ages. The earliest extant literature composed in what is now Scotland was in Brythonic speech in the 6th century, but is preserved as part of Welsh literature. As one of the Celtic nations , Scotland and Scottish culture are represented at interceltic events at home and over the world.

The image of St. Andrew , martyred while bound to an X-shaped cross, first appeared in the Kingdom of Scotland during the reign of William I. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the thistle , the nation's floral emblem celebrated in the song, The Thistle o' Scotland , the Declaration of Arbroath , incorporating a statement of political independence made on 6 April , the textile pattern tartan that often signifies a particular Scottish clan and the royal Lion Rampant flag.

Although there is no official national anthem of Scotland , [] Flower of Scotland is played on special occasions and sporting events such as football and rugby matches involving the Scotland national teams and since is also played at the Commonwealth Games after it was voted the overwhelming favourite by participating Scottish athletes. St Andrew's Day , 30 November, is the national day , although Burns' Night tends to be more widely observed, particularly outside Scotland.

The national animal of Scotland is the unicorn , which has been a Scottish heraldic symbol since the 12th century. Scottish cuisine has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own but shares much with wider British and European cuisine as a result of local and foreign influences, both ancient and modern. Traditional Scottish dishes exist alongside international foodstuffs brought about by migration.

Scotland's natural larder of game , dairy products, fish, fruit, and vegetables is the chief factor in traditional Scots cooking, with a high reliance on simplicity and a lack of spices from abroad, as these were historically rare and expensive. Irn-Bru is the most common Scottish carbonated soft drink, often described as "Scotland's other national drink" after whisky.

Mary, on her return to Scotland, brought an entourage of French staff who are considered responsible for revolutionising Scots cooking and for some of Scotland's unique food terminology. Scottish entrants have won many awards since the festival began in Television in Scotland is largely the same as UK-wide broadcasts, however, the national broadcaster is BBC Scotland , a constituent part of the British Broadcasting Corporation , the publicly funded broadcaster of the United Kingdom.

Scotland also has some programming in the Gaelic language. BBC Alba is the national Gaelic-language channel. Scotland has a number of production companies which produce films and television programmes for Scottish, UK and international audiences.

Popular films associated with Scotland through Scottish production or being filmed in Scotland include Braveheart , [] Highlander , [] Trainspotting , [] Red Road , Neds , [] The Angel's Share , Brave [] and Outlaw King Wardpark Studios in Cumbernauld is one of Scotland's television and film production studios where the television programme Outlander is produced.

Scotland has its own national governing bodies, such as the Scottish Football Association the second oldest national football association in the world [] and the Scottish Rugby Union. Variations of football have been played in Scotland for centuries, with the earliest reference dating back to The world's first official international association football match was held in and was the idea of C.

The match was between Scotland and England and resulted in a 0—0 draw. Following this, the newly developed football became the most popular sport in Scotland. The Scottish Cup was first contested in Queen's Park F. As a result of this key role in the development of the sport Scotland is one of only four countries to have a permanent representative on the IFAB; the other four representatives being appointed for set periods by FIFA.

The SFA also has responsibility for the Scotland national football team , whose supporters are commonly known as the " Tartan Army ". Celtic, Rangers and Dundee United have also reached European finals, the most recent of these being Rangers in With the modern game of golf originating in 15th-century Scotland, the country is promoted as the home of golf.

Other distinctive features of the national sporting culture include the Highland games , curling and shinty. Scotland has also been successful in motorsport , particularly in Formula One.

Scotland has competed at every Commonwealth Games since and has won medals in total—91 Gold, Silver and Bronze. Scotland has five international airports operating scheduled services to Europe, North America and Asia, as well domestic services to England, Northern Ireland and Wales. Highlands and Islands Airports operates eleven airports across the Highlands , Orkney , Shetland and the Western Isles , which are primarily used for short distance, public service operations, although Inverness Airport has a number of scheduled flights to destinations across the UK and mainland Europe.

Edinburgh Airport is currently Scotland's busiest airport handling over 13 million passengers in Network Rail owns and operates the fixed infrastructure assets of the railway system in Scotland, while the Scottish Government retains overall responsibility for rail strategy and funding in Scotland. The East Coast and West Coast main railway lines connect the major cities and towns of Scotland with each other and with the rail network in England. Domestic rail services within Scotland are operated by Abellio ScotRail.

British Rail created the ScotRail brand. When British Rail existed, many railway lines in Strathclyde were electrified. Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive was at the forefront with the acclaimed "largest electrified rail network outside London". Completed in , this cantilever bridge has been described as "the one internationally recognised Scottish landmark". The Scottish motorways and major trunk roads are managed by Transport Scotland. The remainder of the road network is managed by the Scottish local authorities in each of their areas.

Regular ferry services operate between the Scottish mainland and outlying islands. Ferries serving both the inner and outer Hebrides are principally operated by the state-owned enterprise Caledonian MacBrayne.

Services to the Northern Isles are operated by Serco. Other routes, served by multiple companies, connect southwest Scotland to Northern Ireland.

Air Traffic Control tower of Edinburgh Airport. Domestic rail services are operated by Abellio ScotRail. A Calmac ferry departing Stornoway.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Country in Northwest Europe, part of the United Kingdom. This article is about the country. For other uses, see Scotland disambiguation. Alba   Scottish Gaelic. Anthem:  Various [b] Predominantly " Flower of Scotland ".

Recognised languages [c]. Scottish Scots [d]. Sovereign state Legal jurisdiction. United Kingdom Scotland. Modern use of the term describes products of Scotland usually food or drink-related. Certain executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament. ISO is GB , but. Main article: Etymology of Scotland.

Main article: History of Scotland. See also: Timeline of prehistoric Scotland. Main article: Scotland in the early modern period.

Main article: Scotland in the modern era. Main article: Geography of Scotland. Main article: Geology of Scotland. Main article: Climate of Scotland.

Main articles: Fauna of Scotland and Flora of Scotland. Main article: Demography of Scotland. Largest cities or towns in Scotland Scotland's Census []. Main article: Religion in Scotland. Bute House is the official residence and workplace of the first minister. Holyrood is the seat of the national parliament of Scotland. Main article: Subdivisions of Scotland. Main article: Scots law. Main article: Healthcare in Scotland.

Main article: Economy of Scotland. Main article: Banknotes of Scotland. Main article: Military of Scotland. Main articles: Education in Scotland and List of universities in Scotland. University of St Andrews is the oldest University in Scotland and third oldest in the English-speaking world. Main article: Culture of Scotland. See also: Scottish art and Media of Scotland.

Main article: Music of Scotland. Robert Burns , regarded as the national poet of Scotland is a well known and respected poet worldwide left. The bagpipes are a well known symbol of Scotland and an early example of popular Scottish music right. Main article: Scottish literature. Further information: Celtic nations. Further information: Scottish people and National symbols of Scotland.

Main article: Scottish cuisine. Main article: Media of Scotland. Main article: Sport in Scotland. See also: Nuclear power in Scotland and Renewable energy in Scotland. Main article: Transport in Scotland.

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